Parallel Perpendicular or Neither

Career Counselling Assignment Pt1 By Ja Essay example

CAREER COUNSELLING (ASSIGNMENT 1) Qn: ASSESSMENTS ARE AN INTEGRAL PART IN CAREER COUNSELLING. AS A RESPONSIBLE AND TRAINED COUNSELLOR, WHAT ARE THE PROFESSIONAL AND ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES IN CONDUCTING AN ASSESSMENT FOR CAREER COUNSELLING THROUGHTOUT THE PROCESS OF INTERVENTION? Many of us who are not in this profession might interpret career counselling incorrectly. We thought it is about undergoing sessions with a counsellor to help us decide or determine what career and vocation we should take. Some even assume it does not address client’s context, culture, personal issues and life roles. (Admundson, Harris-Bowlsbey Niles, 2014) However, career counselling, also known as career coaching, actually focuses on understanding an†¦show more content†¦A measurable result would be the produced after such assessment. Results are usually evaluated and informed by the counsellor. The purposes of it would be allowing clients to make comparison with the norm, gauge his/her ability and look out for a classified list of compatible careers for him/her. A few examples of assessment tools used by counsellors today are the Campbell Interest and Skill Survey (Campbell, 1992), Myer Briggs’ Type Indicator by Briggs Myers(1943, as cited in OPP,2014); Keirsey Temperament Sorter by Keirsey(1996, as cited in Keirsey.com, 2014); Self Directed Search(Holland,1994); Dominant Inducement Submission and Compliance Profile Test by Clarke(1948, as cited in Interdisc.org,2014). One of the most reliable and valid test which many people are using is the Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis by Psychological Publications Inc.(1966, as cited in Taylor,2014). Objective assessments can be done in a group unlike subjective assessments. They are also conducted formally whereby there are several professional and ethical responsibilities that the counsellor should possess. Generally, a professional counsellor should be knowledgeable about the state and federal laws of counselling-related activities and be in compliance with them (NCME, 1995). Counsellors also should be honest with the working experience, qualifications or license when being employed or presenting themselves to the public. ACA(2014) states that it is not professional for

British Mercantilism Free Essays

Mercantilism was more favorable to the colonies than it was to Great Britain because, Americans reaped direct benefits from the mercantile system, the average American was better off economically, and mercantilism had sufficient merit to be long perpetuated. Mercantilism was a huge success and a major factor in the development of the colonies. Mercantilism helped jump-start the formation of what we now call America. We will write a custom essay sample on British Mercantilism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The American colonists reaped direct benefits from the mercantile system.Liberal bounties were paid to colonials who produced ship parts. The tobacco planters received special privileges in the colonies because of their addictive plant. The colonies had a monopoly on the British market. The direct benefits that the colonies receive help America grow economically because of mercantilism. Although the colonies reaped direct benefits the average American can be more significant to this subject. The average American was better off economically than the average Englishmen.For one the Americans paid no tax on any army because of the alliance with Britain. They paid no tax because of Britain’s forceful navy and saw no use to form an army of their own. The lack of tax and the direct benefits combined together help prove that the average American is better off than the average Englishmen. Mercantilism was a great success. Mercantilism had sufficient merit to be long perpetuated. Mercantilism was so triumphant that it is a system that can be used in our world today.Traces of mercantilism are indeed found in our world today proving the success of mercantilism to be phenomenal. Trade between countries still is a immense part of how we obtain our food and clothing and our bare essentials, as it was for the colonies and Britain. Mercantilism in the colonies obviously worked better than in Britain for these specific reasons; Americans reaped direct benefits from the mercantile system, the average American was better off economically than the average Englishmen, and traces of mercantilism can be found in our world today. How to cite British Mercantilism, Papers

Cognitive Behavioral Theory Social Organization

Question: Discuss about theCognitive Behavioral Theoryfor Social Organization. Answer: Introduction Cognitive behavioral theory is a theoretical approach to study the human nature and its behavior in a social organization. Cognitive behavioral theories reflect the importance of understanding the human behavior and helping them. It is a combination of all theories. Concisely, it is a divergence of views and role of cognitions in behavior change (Kendall Hollon, 2013). It provides great resilience on target treatments and cognitive behavior in deciding the behavioral change. The persons emotions and reactions are influenced by the thoughts, beliefs and the outcomes of how to react to the situations (Sternberg Sternberg, 2016). For example, two persons behave differently to an event cause the perspective is different the two persons. The behavior is what we do in a psychological study and behavior has a strong influence on our thoughts and emotions and changing of the thoughts and emotions in a powerful way. It emphasizes on the temperament to influence and shape the interpersonal s kills and the personality development (McLeod, 2015). In psychology, the cognitive approach is a modern approach to study human behavior that focuses on the way we think, the thought processes and how they influence our behavior. The literal meaning of cognitive is to know, an approach to create the rules and explanations of human behavior and generalizing in human behavior (Schunk Usher, 2012). The cognitive approach is scientific to human behavior and the thought process that control our behavior. It also takes into account the different moods during the circumstances we encounter. It mainly deals with the memory and the ability of problem solving. It is opposite to behavioral approach as it ignores the mental thought process. The principle of this approach is that our behavior is developed by a series of external stimulus and the responses to these processed thoughts (Castellan Restle, 2014). There are many assumptions made in this approach. A set of scientific thought processes in response to an external stimulus and that behavior is our own thought process (Nurius Macy, 2012). The development of cognitive approach started in the early decades of the 20th century. In the recent years, the cognitive approach has taken over the behavioral approach as a dominant concept in psychology. It came into existence during the late 1950s and the early 1960s and became an important approach in psychology by 1970s. In 1960, Miller at Harvard in collaboration with famous Jerome Bruner founded the Center for Cognitive Studies and in 1967; Ulric Neisser introduced the cognitive approach as the Cognitive Psychology. Recently, cognitive approach covers all the areas of the psychology like biological, behavioral and social development (Neisser, 2014). The cognitive approach is based on three basic concepts:- It emphasize on the mental events of knowing and not on the responding. Aaron Beck is the Father of the cognitive theory and his model is the basis of the cognitive behavioral therapy. An individuals organization of the knowledge and stimuli interpreted in the light of the knowledge. It defines an individual to be active and constructive rather than being passive in response to an external stimulation (Gonzalez-Prendes Resko, 2012). The principles of cognitive psychology accept the scientific approach and use of scientific method. It rejects the concept of introspection as a method of investigation. The beliefs, motivation, desire are acknowledged with the internal thought process. It contends to solve problems through memory, perception, knowledge, cognition, thinking and language. The set of mental abilities to process information, memory, knowledge, judgment, reasoning and problem solving ability of a person is called cognition in science (Montano Kasprzyk, 2015). The goals of c ognitive approach are to manipulate ones thoughts, perceptions and the usual way of behaving. The perceptions of situations and the behavior is important is important. Negative thoughts and misinterpretation of a situation gives way to a negative bend of mind. There are various applications to the cognitive model. The thought process, decision-making and the learning process are the main aspects in a cognitive approach (Beck Haigh, 2014). People experience negative thoughts in many situations but few people are overpowered by the pessimistic thoughts that lead to self-sabotaging of their life. The cognitive theory also constitutes the comprehension and the language production. As the concept of cognition is related to thought process and thinking ability, there are few key concepts in it. The cognition assumes the individual to be an information processor and the ability to perceive, interpret, and anticipate and to judge the events reflect our behavior. The human mind is like a computer with the concept of input of information, storage of that information in the form of short and long-term memory and the retrieval of the memory (Brewin, 2013). Suppose, for example, I am alone at night watching a horror movie and the electricity goes off. The only concept is changing the way we think. The house is the same and there is no reason to be scared if my way of thinking is in a cognitive approach. The things we do are a direct reflection of our thoughts and the outcome of information is the way we think. To explain this thought, suppose, I am preparing for exam and reading a book. While I am reading the book, I have to give attention to the content of the book along with the visual perceptions. There are other processes going on like the language skills, knowledge representations that are essential for the material that the book covers. My emotional state will also be a matter of consideration at the time of learning. All the processes are relevant to the subject matter that I am reading from the book regarded as interventions. The outcome is the exam of how well I have read the book and remembered the material I have read from it . The depth of the other cognitive processes will be the problem solving ability, memory, perceptions, concentration and attention. In ones daily life and behavior, cognition is important. The process of perception can be explained in a way like the one I am a new employee at the office with less professionalism and the good employees are working diligently. My perception will be that I need not have to work, as it will not affect my salary. The ability to remember the information will be easier when a person reads because the brain works hard to understand the information received and to store it as compared to the hearing and memorizing of the information that is at times misunderstood. The language that is easy to understand and in accordance with our language, the information will be easier to access. The next approach is important in problem solving process. If I have a good reasoning ability, I will be able to receive information related to the problem not only from one side but also from the other parts, as the problem is just an indication. The good reasoning ability will help to solve problem in a smooth way. The attitude plays a crucial role in solving an issue. If my attitude and behavior is proper in dealing with the problem then the combination of these two elements will help me in creating a solution. The cognitive approach is an attempt to view the different phenomena of human psychology. The role of perception can be explained in a way that I am failing in a particular task and my perspective will be to keep on trying until I succeed. The more I will try, the more I will receive information, the chances of error will minimize, and it will inculcate the qualities of patience and make me tenacious. The knowledge is the key concept to efficiency. A person can manage the information quickly more accurate understanding because he or she can get the information fast, easily and in an accurate manner. The last concept is the thinking process. The education level, environment affects the patterns of thinking. The highly educated people in a modern way of life will have a more rapid and technological approach to information, because they have shaped themselves in a modern way of lifestyle and fast thought process (Gross, 2015). The cognitive psychology focuses on how to identify the problems and specify goals (Smith, Mackie Claypool, 2014). This can be explained in the way that supposes I am preparing for a presentation and there is a feeling of fear. These distractions are not allowing me to work on my presentation and that leads to failure. The cognitive approach will help to rationalize the situation by finding out the most valid reason of the failure and increase the chances of success. The cognitive psychology is a combination of three contributing theories: Albert Ellis believes that eliminating the irrational beliefs can reduce the negative emotions. This is explained in a framework of the actual event is the activating event, the irrational belief and the consequences in the form of behavior, thoughts or emotions. For example, I am walking down a street and my friend passes by and ignores me. This is the activating event. The irrational belief that arises is that my friend must be angry with me otherwise she should have wished me hello. The related consequence will be I will call my friend and she apologizes for not seeing me. Aaron T. Beck introduced the cognitive approach on depression. The depressed people have a negative attitude towards the life events. This led to a belief that the way people feel is an interpretation of the experiences. The psychological distress is due to the distorted thoughts that cause emotional suffering. For example, if I does not receive a promotion at my work because I consider myself incompetent. This feeling will gradually lead to disappointment and will not be willing to receive a promotion in future. Donald Meichenbaum contribution is focusing on the unwanted behaviors due to self- negative thoughts. The above mentioned theories forms the basis for the cognitive behavioral therapy (Eysenck Martin, 2013). There are many interventions in depression. Diary keeping as Thoughts Diary is a method to combat depression (Kawanishi, 2015). The making of a constructive comment depending on the passed day and starting afresh the next day by keeping records is helpful in managing and completing the day. The daily satisfaction of completing the day will help to change the mood over a period. Another useful way to fight depression is physical exercise. It has psychological benefits that enhances the cognition, reduces negative thoughts, decreases depression and improves the body shape. Meditation makes a person attentive, non-judgmental and gives an accepting attitude (Hallgren, 2015). The cognitive behavioral approach is a concept between the perception and the way a person conducts. The way a person behaves is a direct conclusion of the thought process and interpretation of the events influenced by the environmental factors. The process of learning through knowledge and skilled training also influences the cognition process. The changing of perceptions and way of thinking can help to perceive information in a better way and change in attitude towards life. References: Beck, A. T., Haigh, E. A. (2014). Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: The generic cognitive model*.Annual review of clinical psychology,10, 1-24. Brewin, C. R. (2013).Cognitive Foundations of Clinical Psychology (Psychology Revivals). Psychology Press.Castellan Jr, N. J., Restle, F. (Eds.). (2014).Cognitive theory(Vol. 3). Psychology Press. Eysenck, M., Martin, I. (Eds.). (2013).Theoretical foundations of behavior therapy. Springer Science Business Media. Gonzalez-Prendes, A. A., Resko, S. M. (2012). Cognitive-behavioral theory.Trauma: Contemporary directions in theory, practice, and research, 14-40. Gross, R. (2015).Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour 7th Edition. Hodder Education. Hallgren, M., Kraepelien, M., jehagen, A., Lindefors, N., Zeebari, Z., Kaldo, V., Forsell, Y. (2015). Physical exercise and internet-based cognitivebehavioural therapy in the treatment of depression: randomised controlled trial.The British Journal of Psychiatry,207(3), 227-234. Kawanishi, N., Tamai, M., Hasegawa, A., Takeuchi, Y., Tajika, A., Ogawa, Y., Furukawa, T. (2015, September). Lifelog-based estimation of activity diary for cognitive behavioral therapy. InAdjunct Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing and Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers(pp. 1251-1256). ACM. Kendall, P. C., Hollon, S. D. (Eds.). (2013).Cognitive-behavioral interventions: Theory, research, and procedures(Vol. 21). Academic Press. McLeod, S. A. (2015). Cognitive Psychology. Retrieved 2015, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive.html Montano, D. E., Kasprzyk, D. (2015). Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model.Health behavior: Theory, research and practice (. Neisser, U. (2014).Cognitive psychology: Classic edition. Psychology Press. Nurius, P. S., Macy, R. J. (2012). Cognitive?Behavioral Theory.Comprehensive handbook of social work and social welfare. Schunk, D. H., Usher, E. L. (2012). Social Cognitive Theory and.APA educational psychology handbook,1. Smith, E. R., Mackie, D. M., Claypool, H. M. (2014).Social psychology. Psychology Press. Sternberg, R., Sternberg, K. (2016).Cognitive psychology. Nelson Education.